1、-ing分詞的構(gòu)成
-ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例)：
一般式 完成式
主動形式 doing 主動形式 having done
被動形式 being done 被動形式 having been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進(jìn)行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個學(xué)生，他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因為沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式：-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動作發(fā)生的時間，-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以后，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動詞(短語)后，作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等。
1)?ing分詞(短語)作主語：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，-ing分詞也作主語。
�、贋榱吮３�句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時間。
�、谠赥here is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2) -ing分詞(短語)作表語：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
3) -ing分詞作賓語：
�、�?ing分詞作動詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
�、�-ing分詞作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎?
③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to(渴望，盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(對……負(fù)責(zé)), insist on(堅持), think of(考慮，想到), dream of(夢想), object to(反對，抗議), hear of(聽說), prevent…from(防止，阻止), keep…from(防止，阻止), stop…from(防止，阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依靠，依賴), thank…for(因……而道謝), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(獻(xiàn)身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習(xí)慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對……感興趣), be ashamed of(對……感到羞愧)等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過去他�；ê芏鄷r間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚?
另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽到這個消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來。
4) -ing分詞作定語：
�、賳蝹�的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車
sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室
�、�-ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰?
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
�、�?ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語：
-ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
�、�-ing分詞短語作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書，一邊不時地點(diǎn)頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因為不知道他的地址，我不能把這本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因為非常激動，那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。
�、�?ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
�、�-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如：
They stood there for half an hour， watching the stars in the sky. 他們在那兒站了半小時，觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。
�、�-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。如：
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
注：-ing分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。
�、蕖皐ith/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。
例：
①The storm left, ______ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to caused D. having caused
�、�----“You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, ______ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
�、跧t’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
④_____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
⑤Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____ fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having
�、轔il prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
�、逫t was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
⑧_____ more about university course, call (920)7463789.
A. To find out B. Finding out
C. Find out D. Having found out
簡析：1.D.結(jié)果狀語，時間有明顯先后之分;2.B.伴隨狀語;3.D.條件狀語，有明顯時間先后之分;4.C.原因狀語，時間有明顯先后之分;5.D.伴隨狀語;6.B.結(jié)果狀語。7.C.作目的狀語;8.A.作目的狀語;
6) -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語：
�、�--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞后面和一個名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。
�、谏厦孢@類句子也可變成被動語態(tài)，這時，-ing分詞可看成是主語補(bǔ)語。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。
Lily was never heard singing that song again. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。
6. ?ing分詞作主語和表語時與不定式的區(qū)別：1)、-ing分詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區(qū)別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時多用-ing分詞;在表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作時，多用不定式。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸煙)這里禁止吸煙。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸煙)吸這么多煙對你的身體不好。
2). 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動詞：
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞，), admit(承認(rèn)), appreciate(感激，欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡，厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯過), practise(訓(xùn)練), resist(抵抗，抵制), risk(冒險), deny(拒絕，否認(rèn)), consider(考慮)等。
例：He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案B.后risk 后接動名詞，he與 lose是主謂關(guān)系。
3). 有些動詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：
�、賔orget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動作后于謂語動作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動作先于謂語動作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時要記得鎖門。
�、趧釉~mean, stop, try, go on等動詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請你再試一次好嗎?
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車就意味著再等一個小時。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工作。
例：When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _____ at the party, but not _______.
A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave
答案C.記得來過晚會，用arriving,但是后的動作仍然記得，用leaving.
�、蹌釉~allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 請允許我說幾句話。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
�、軇釉~need, require, want作“需要”解時，后面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。
�、輨釉~like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動作，多用-ing分詞;如指特定的具體的某次動作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
⑥動詞begin, start后面，如表示有意識地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談?wù)撃遣侩娪啊?br />
注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：
a. 當(dāng)start, begin本身用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)時。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進(jìn)教室的時候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當(dāng)start, begin后接表示心理活動的動詞時。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。
c. 當(dāng)句子的主語是無生命的東西時。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開，天開始下雨了。
7. -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義：
①-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內(nèi)容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。
�、�-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
�、�?ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字臺 listening practice 聽力訓(xùn)練
②-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動作或當(dāng)時的狀態(tài)。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市
8. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別：在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞后，既可用-ing分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用-ing分詞時，表示動作正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時，表示動作發(fā)生了，即動作的全過程結(jié)束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲門你聽見了嗎?
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你聽見有人敲門了嗎?
9. 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語，后接-ing分詞或名詞。如：admit to(承認(rèn)), contribute to(捐助、貢獻(xiàn)), get down to(著手做), give way to(讓位于)，keep to (堅持、遵守), lead to (導(dǎo)致),look forward to(期待), take to(從事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、堅持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、處理), be used to (習(xí)慣于), devote oneself to (獻(xiàn)身于), be equal to (勝任的、等于), be familiar to (為……熟悉).
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語，如generally speaking(一般來說), judging from…(根據(jù)……來判斷), considering…(考慮到……), talking of…(談到……，提到……), supposing…(假如……)等，它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語，也可當(dāng)作一個插入語。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多么的窮，我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽音樂會。
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