選修 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity
核心單詞
1. distinction
n. 差別；區(qū)分；卓著
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
make a distinction between 對……加以區(qū)分
win a distinction for 因……而獲功勛
without distinction 無差別地；一視同仁地
聯(lián)想拓展
distinct adj. 清晰的；明顯的；明確的
be distinct in ...from ... 在某方面與……不同
（as）distinct from ... 與……不同（的）
He has a distinct gift for drawing.他有很明顯的繪畫天賦。
You should make your writing distinct.
你應(yīng)該把字寫清楚。
高手過招
翻譯句子 （原創(chuàng)）
①There is a distinct possibility that she’ll be your teacher next term.
②Those two ideas are quite distinct from each other.
答案： ①她下學(xué)期當(dāng)你們老師的可能性非常大。
②那兩種觀點截然不同。
2. means
n. 手段；方法（單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同）
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
by means of 用……辦法；借助……
by all means 一定，務(wù)必；好的，當(dāng)然可以
by no means 決不，一點也不（位于句首時，句子用部分倒裝）
by every means 用盡一切可能的辦法
易混辨析
means/way/method
means指“方法、方式、工具”，著重于具體的手段（單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同）。
way指“一般的方法、方式或個人的特殊方法、方式”，與技巧或效果的好壞無關(guān)。
method指“有系統(tǒng)的、有效率的精心擬定的方法”，也可以指抽象概念“條理”。
a way to do sth.／a way of doing sth./a method of doing sth. 做……的方法
in this way/with the method/by this means 用這種／些方法
by the way 順便問一下
on one’ s way to ... 在去……的路上
in the way 擋住路
溫馨提示
means作主語且有every, each等詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；有some, several, many, few等詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Radio and television are important means of communication.
無線電和電視是重要的通信手段。
Please find an alternative means of transport.
請另外找一種運輸方式。
Every means has been tried. 每種方法都試過了。
All means have been tried. 所有方法都試過了。
She could not speak, but made her wishes known by means of signs.她不會說話，但她用手勢表達(dá)了她的愿望。
高手過招
(1)單項填空
—ay I have a look at your book?
— . （2010•01•江蘇南京檢測）
A. By this means B. By all means
C. By this way D. By any means
（2）翻譯句子 （原創(chuàng)）
①這絕非解決問題的良計。
②他借助一根繩子慢慢地下了。
解析： (1) 選B。by all means意為“一定；當(dāng)然可以”，符合句意。
(2)①This is by no means a good way to solve the problem.
②He let himself down slowly by means of a rope.
3. majority
n. 大多數(shù)；大半
A/The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
大多數(shù)醫(yī)生認(rèn)為吸煙對健康極為有害。
The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
多數(shù)人贊成這個建議。
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
be in the/a majority 構(gòu)成大部分/大多數(shù)
a majority over sb. 超過對方的票數(shù)
聯(lián)想拓展
major adj.&n. 較大的；主要的；主修，專攻
minority adj.&n. 少數(shù)；少數(shù)民族；未成年
高手過招
(1)單項填空
Every means been tried and all well no
A. have; go B. has; go
C. has; goes D. have; goes
（2）完成句子 （原創(chuàng)）
English speakers form the (大多數(shù)) of the population.
(3)用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空
①Among the members of the committee those who favour the changes are the majority.
②They had a large majority the other party at the last election.
(4)用括號內(nèi)所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
①The majority of people (prefer) peace to war.
②The majority of the damage (be) easy to repair.
解析：(1) 選B。 考查means作主語時謂語動詞的形式。means意為“方式，方法”，單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，被every修飾時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；被all修飾時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(2)ajority (3) ①in ②over
(4) ①prefer/prefers ②is
4. occur
vi. 發(fā)生；存在；出現(xiàn)
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
occur to (主意或想法突然)浮現(xiàn)于腦中;被想起，被想到
it occurs to sb. to do sth. 使某人想到做某事
it occurs to sb. that ... 某人想到……
Just then an idea occurred to me. 就在那時我想起了一個主意。
It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my umbrella upstairs.我突然想到我把傘忘在樓上了。
易混辨析
happen/occur/take place
happen是一般用語，尤其指偶然發(fā)生，表示“碰巧、恰好”的意思。
occur 言意味較濃,常指某特定事物的發(fā)生，也可以表示某種想法出現(xiàn)在人的頭腦中。
take place 指事先或預(yù)料到的“發(fā)生”，此外還有“舉行”的意思。
New things are happening all around us.
新事物在我們周圍不斷發(fā)生。
The explosion occurred at 5:30 a.m.
爆炸發(fā)生在早上5點30分。
When will the basketball game take place?
籃球賽何時舉行？
高手過招
單項填空
It suddenly to the detective that the millionaire was probably murdered by his own daughter.
（2010•01•安徽合肥檢測）
Happened B. occurred C. thought D. took place
解析：選B。由空格后的to可知，選B。occur to 一個想法突然呈現(xiàn)……。
5. indicate
vt. 指出；標(biāo)示；表明；暗示
I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.我問他我姐姐在哪，他指了指對面的商店。
Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.研究顯示男人比女人更容易戒煙。
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
indicate sth. (to sb.)
向（某人）表示某事；把……指給（某人）看
indicate that ...表示……；示意……
聯(lián)想拓展
indication n. 指出；表明
indicative adj.指示的；暗示的
高手過招
完成句子 （原創(chuàng)）
①The government has (表明) that it intends to cut taxes.
②A flashing red light (標(biāo)示) that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.
③There is every (表明) of a change in the weather.
答案： ①indicated ② indicated ③indication
重點短語
6. live on
繼續(xù)存在；繼續(xù)生存
She lived on for many years after her husband died.
丈夫死后她繼續(xù)活了許多年。
聯(lián)想拓展
live on sth. 以某物為食；靠某種經(jīng)濟(jì)生活
live by doing sth. 靠做某事為生
live for sth. 以某事物為生活目標(biāo)
live through sth. 經(jīng)歷某事物而幸存
live up to sth.
依照某事物行事；表現(xiàn)出符合某事物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
live with sth. 接受或容忍某現(xiàn)象
live to be... = live to the age of... 活到……歲
live a... life 過著……的生活
高手過招
用live的相關(guān)短語填空 （原創(chuàng)）
①The lonely old man charity.
②ozart was dead but his music .
③y grandfather both world wars.
④We should work hard and try to our parents’ expectations.
⑤The brave girl is learning to her disability.
答案：① lives on ② lives on ③ lived through
④ live up to ⑤ live with
7. team up with
（與某人）一起工作（尤指為共同目標(biāo)）；與……合作
The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car.那兩個公司已合作研制新型賽車。
高手過招
完成句子 （原創(chuàng)）
He (與某人一起合作) his brother in the doubles.
答案： teamed/teams up with
8. mark out
劃線；標(biāo)出……的界線
They marked out the tennis court with white paint.
他們用白漆標(biāo)出了網(wǎng)球場的界線。
Some of the best pupils have been marked out for special training.已經(jīng)選出幾名出色的學(xué)生進(jìn)行專門訓(xùn)練。
聯(lián)想拓展
mark sb. out for sth. 選出/選定某人做某事
mark down 寫下，記下；降低……的價格
mark up 標(biāo)出；提高……的價格
mark in 加畫；繪入
mark out for 看中；選定
Just a moment. Let me mark down your name and address.等一下，讓我把你的姓名和地址記下。
Some shops marked up the goods unfairly.
有幾家商店的貨價提高得不合理。
He marked the book down to 49 cents.
他把書的標(biāo)價降為49分。
高手過招
翻譯句子 （原創(chuàng)）
①他被選定擔(dān)當(dāng)更高的職位。
②我把那一點記在我的筆記本上。
答案：①He was marked out for a higher position.
②I marked that down in my notebook.
9. take in
包括；吸收；接納；欺騙
The students find it easy to take in what you teach.
學(xué)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)你講很容易理解。
He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in.
他沒地方可以睡覺，于是我們就提出讓他留宿。
聯(lián)想拓展
take apart 拆開；剖析，抨擊(論點等)
take down 拿下，取下；拆卸；記下
take back 取回，帶回；收回說過的話；使……回憶 起昔日
take care of 照料；保管
take up 開始從事；占用(時間或空間)；著手處理
take medicine 服藥
take it easy 別緊張，慢慢
take over 繼承；接收，接管
take off 脫下(衣服等)；起飛
take on 承擔(dān)，從事；呈現(xiàn)
take one? s place 入座；代替某人的位置
take one? s time 不急，慢慢干
高手過招
用take的相關(guān)短語填空 （原創(chuàng)）
①Don’ t be by his promises.
②Who do you think will now that the governor has been dismissed?
③These boxes of yours are too much space.
④I was really when seeing old photos.
⑤Dear ladies and gentlemen，please now .The opera is soon to begin.
⑥Tom carefully what the teacher said.
答案： ①taken in ②take over ③taking up
④taken back ⑤take your place
⑥took down
重點句型
10. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
最早一批人具體是在什么時候到我們現(xiàn)在了解的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的，誰也說不清楚。
what we now know as California是一個由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，作arrive in的賓語, what是復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞，相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that。因此，在名詞性從句中可以用the thing(s) that取代的，只能用what。
聯(lián)想拓展
①名詞性從句中what與that的區(qū)別：that在名詞性從句中不作句子成分，what必須作句子成分。
②名詞性從句中what與which的區(qū)別：指代前已經(jīng)提到過的對象或范圍時，用which，否則用what。
What he said sounds reasonable.
他說的聽起有道理。(what作said的賓語)
That our team has won the game has been proved.
已經(jīng)證實我們隊贏得了比賽。
(that在主語從句中不作句子成分)
There are many books available. I don? t knohich to read.有許多書可供閱讀，但我不知道讀哪一本。
(which指的是前提到的books中的一本)
What book do you want to buy?
你想買哪種書？(沒有提及買什么書或哪一類書)
高手過招
選詞填空（that/what） （原創(chuàng)）
①This is he wanted.
②This is the thing he wanted.
③She is no longer she used to be.
④She is no longer the person she used to be.
答案： ①what ②that ③what ④that
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