高二英語Sporting events教案
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一． 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的概念：
所謂情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是指它含有一定的含意．可以表達(dá)某種感情和說話的口氣，但是它不可以單獨(dú)使用作謂語動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can(could)，may(might)，must(must)，have to，shall(should)，will (would)，need(need)，dare(dared)，ought to。要注意的是：1).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。2).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。3).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱,數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞等形式。
二 . can, could 和be able to
1. can could表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。只用于現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:(1). Can you finish this work tonight? (2). an cannot live without air．(3).Can I go now? Yes，you can.(4).They will be able to tell you the news soon..他很快就能告訴你消息了。
2. 只用be able to ：a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后�！� b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。 c. 表示過去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)�！� d. 用于句首表示條�！� e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。如：He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
3. could也可表示請(qǐng)求。語氣委婉．主要用于疑問句．不可用于肯定句，答語應(yīng)用Can。 如:1) .--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2). ----Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---Yes, you can . (否定答語可以用No, I’m afraid not)．
在否定，疑問句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。如：He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人。
4. 表示驚異．懷疑，不相信態(tài)度。（主要用在否定旬、疑問句或感嘆句中）
Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him．
5. can (could)+have+過去分詞”的疑問或否定形式表示對(duì)過發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。例如:He cannot have been to that town． Can he have got the book?
can't/couldn’t可表否定推測(cè)。 如：If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。
6. can 習(xí)慣用法：① cannot but不得不；如：
I cannot but admire his courage．我不得不佩服他的勇氣。
② cannot (couldn't) help + doing 情不自禁；如：When I heard what the little girl said I couldn’t help laughing．當(dāng)我聽見小女孩所講的，不禁大笑起。
③ can but只好，不得不；如： We can but agree with him．我們只好同意他。
④ cannot ...too...怎么……也不過分；如：You cannot be too careful in the choice of your friends．你在選擇朋友時(shí)，怎么小心也不過分。
三．may和might
1．表示許可。表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may的語氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(shí)要用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。例如：
You may drive the car．ight I use your pen? No，you mustn’t．
(用ay I…征詢對(duì)方許可在體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣。在日常用語中用Can。)
2．表示推測(cè)、可能(疑問句不能用于此意) He may be very busy now．
3．用于析使句中表示祝愿。ay you succeed ！
4．表示請(qǐng)求或規(guī)勸。You might pay more attention to me．
5．“may(might)+have+過去分詞”表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。例如：
He may not have finished the work．
6．a(chǎn)y/might的其他用法：①may not表示一種禮貌的“不可”。如：
You may not leave the thing half done．
②．might可表示忠告，責(zé)備。如：
Yon have broken two dishes．You might try to be more careful．
③．may well +原形， 理所當(dāng)然
You may well say so．你當(dāng)然可以這樣講。
④．a(chǎn)y/might as well=had better 最好 如：We may as well stay where we are．我們最好是留在原處。 If that is the case, we may as well try.
⑤．a(chǎn)y/might as well+原形+as+原形 與其……不如； 最好……不要；如：You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him．你要借給他錢,不如把錢扔了。
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
四。 have to和must
1. must表示必須，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一種主觀看法。也表示責(zé)任或義務(wù)．而have to表示必須時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是客觀需要。have to可以用在更多的時(shí)態(tài)中。
y brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)。(客觀上需要做這事)
He said that they must work hard.他說他們必須努力工作.（主觀上要做這事） You must obey the rules．(責(zé)任或義務(wù))
You will have to do it again．你將不得不再做一次。
回答must引出的問句時(shí)．如果是否定的回答．不能用mustn’t．而要用needn’t或don’t have to。如： ust we hand in our exercise books today?
Yes．you must．(No．you don’t have to．)
2． “must be+表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問形式用can代替must。
This must be your pen．
3．must+have+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中．表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問形式用can代替must。
He must have been to Shanghai．
4 .must一般只表現(xiàn)在，have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。
5.二者的否定意義不大相同．ustn’t表“禁止”, don’t have to(=needn’t)表沒有必要。例如： Yon mustn’t go．你可不要去。
You don’t have to go．你不必去。
6．詢問對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must。例如： ust I clean all the room?
五． will和would
1. 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等，would 比will委婉客氣. Would you pass me the salt?
2．表示意志、愿望和決心。I will never do that again.
They asked us if we would do that again.
3．表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 Fish will die without water.
4．表示預(yù)言。Oil will float on water．
5．用“will be”和“will十have十過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，主要用于第二、三人稱。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè)，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。This will be the book you want．
He will have arrived by now．
6．Would可表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。would表過去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式。并沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。The wound would not heal．
During the vacation he would visit me every week．
7．表料想或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home．
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it．
8．would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
9. Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含義的請(qǐng)求勸說時(shí)，疑問句中一般用some, 而不是any�！ � Would you like some cake?
10. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一種委婉語氣。
Won't you sit down?
六．Shall, should 和ought to
1. shall用于第一人稱表示征求對(duì)方的意見： What shall we do next?
2. shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中．表示說話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。Shall we begin our meeting? When shall we leave the hospital?
3. shall用于第二 、第三人稱，表示說話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。You shall fail if you don’t work harder．(警告) ; He shall have a book when I finish reading (允諾); He shall be punished．(威脅)
4. 表示推測(cè)或可能。 They should finish the work by no
5. should表示勸告、義務(wù)、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問句中。通常用should代替ought to。We should learn some English. You should go to class right away. Should I open the window?
注意： should的含義較多，用法靈活。現(xiàn)介紹三種其特殊用法。請(qǐng)看下面句子： I should think it would be better to try it again.我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 You are mistaken. I should say.依我看，你是搞錯(cuò)了。
I should advise you not to do that我倒是勸你別這樣做。
This is something I should have liked to ask you.這是我本想問你的。
從以上例句可以看出：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should用于第一人稱時(shí)可以表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。
此外,Why / How_+ should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說話人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到以外、贊嘆、憤怒、驚異等感情，意思為“竟會(huì)”。例如：
Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么這么晚？
--Where is Betty living? Betty住哪兒？ --How should I?我怎么回知道。
I don’t knohy you should think that I did it.我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這事是我干的。
6. should表示允許。It should be ready at noon.
7. should +have +過去分詞, 表示應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒有做到.
You should have started earlier.
8. should 和ought to 都為"應(yīng)該"的意思，可用于各種人稱。
---Ought he to go? ---Yes. I think he ought to.
9. 表示要求，命令時(shí)，語氣由 should（應(yīng)該）、had better最好）、must（必須）漸強(qiáng)。
七．need和dare
1．need表示 “需要或 必須”。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to，或should代替。例如：
You needn’t come so early．
--Need I finish the work today? --Yes，you must / No, you needn't.．
注意needn’t+不定式的完成式，表示本不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事。
You needn’t have waited for me．
2．dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑同句、否定句和條從句中，一般不用在肯定句中。How dare you say I’m unfair．
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3．dare和need常作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化．所不同的是作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定句中，dare后面常接帶to的不定式。在否定和疑問同中，dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。I dare to swim across this river． He does not dare(to)answer． Don’t you dare(to)touch it! I wondered he dare(to)say that． He needs to finish it this evening．
4. need 的被動(dòng)含義：need, want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)：need doing = need to be done
八． had better表示"最好"
1 . had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。
had better do sth ； had better not do sth 如：
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog.
2. had better have done sth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為"本最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
九 would rather表示"寧愿"
would rather do； would rather not do
would rather… than… 寧愿……而不愿。
還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"寧愿"、"寧可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
十．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式
問句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't
ust you…? /don't have to.
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary? ---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的語氣，并不為時(shí)態(tài)。答語中of course，表示肯定的語氣，允許某人做某事時(shí)，用can和 may表達(dá)，不能用could或might。2）---Shall I tell John about it? ---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 將不, 不會(huì)的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不應(yīng)該。本題為不需要，不必的意思，應(yīng)用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorro ---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表請(qǐng)求、建議、也可作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表"意愿、意志、決心"，本題表示決心，選B。
十一。帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四個(gè)：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，為六個(gè)。它們的疑問，否定形式應(yīng)予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。其他的詞作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用，變疑問，否定時(shí)，須有do 等助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助。如： Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句為過去時(shí)，告訴秘密的動(dòng)作又發(fā)生在其前因，此地應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)，但它在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ought to 后，所以用 have。
十二。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過去分詞
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示過去，推測(cè)過去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，對(duì)過去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，語氣較強(qiáng)，具有"肯定"，"諒必"的意思。 --- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實(shí)上并沒有做。否定句表示"不該做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事實(shí)上已扔了。）
ought to 在語氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。
4) needn't have done sth 本沒必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
1. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
2. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
3. . -Could I borrow your dictionary?
-Yes, of course you_________
A. might B. will C. can D. should
4. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
5. —Shall I tell John about it?
—No, you ______ . I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
6. ─There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ─ It______ a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
7. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
8. .When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work
every day.
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
9. .Sir, you _____ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. oughtn't to B. can't C. won't D. needn't
10. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
11. --When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--They _____be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
12. .--I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--Oh, did you? You_ ____with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
13. －Will you stay for lunch?
－Sorry,＿＿＿＿＿ ,y brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn't B.I can't C. I needn't D.I won't
14. Sorry I'm late. I ______ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
A. might B. should C. can D. will
15. I should have been there, but I _______ not find the time.
A. would B. could C. might D. should?
16. y sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___ your lecture.
A. couldn't have attended B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended D. shouldn't have attended
17. --- Are you coming to Jeff's party?
--- I'm not sure. I ________go to the concert instead.
A．must B．would C．should D．might
18. r. Bush is on time for everything. How _________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?
A．can B．should C．may D．must
19 He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal.
A．had scored B．scored C．would score D．would have scored
20. —Write to me when you get home.
—_________
A．I must B．I should C．I will D．I can
21. I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
A. mustn't leave B. Shouldn't have left
C. Couldn't have left D. needn't leave
22. Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I______ so much fried chicken just no
A. shouldn’t’t cut B. mustn’t’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t’t have eaten D. mustn’t’t eat
23. --I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--It _____ be true because there was little snow there.
A .may not be B. won’t be C .couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
24. It has been announced that candidates_____ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A can B will C may D shall
25.A left-luggage office is a place where bags ______ be lefe for a short time, especially in a railway station.
A. should B. can C. must D. will
26. --- I don't mind telling you what I kno
--- You . I'm not asking you for it.
A.mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t
27. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _____ report it to the police?
A. should B. may C. will D. can
28. r.White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up.
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
29. You ______ be tired - you've only been working for an hour.
A. must not B. won' t C. can' t D. may not
30. — Who is the girl standing over there ? — Well , if you know , her name is abel.
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
eys:
1-5 ABCCA 6-10 DCAAD
11-15 BABAB 16-20 ADADC
21-25 BCCDB 26-30 DAACC
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