不定式
1. 作主語：The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible”.
不定式短語作主語時(shí)，可以直接放在句首，在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。
How long did it take you to finish the task
不定式作主語常見句型：
a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame) + 不定式
It’s my duty ____________________________. (教你們學(xué)好英語)
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式
It requires patience ________________________________. （做好這項(xiàng)工作）
2. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。
Our most important task now is _____________________ . (制定計(jì)劃)
注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to可以省略。
The only thing we can do now is _________________ . (等等看)
3.作賓語
The cat said “Remember ________________next time!”.(別遲到)
a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時(shí)，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。
The cat felt it _________________________________ . (躺在草地上很舒服)
b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動(dòng)詞都是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do, does, did時(shí)，通常省略to。
We have no choice ______________________. (只好等)
We can do nothing __________________ . (只好等)
4. 賓語補(bǔ)足語
a) 通常作賓語補(bǔ)語的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等
You should get them___________________ .(立刻開始工作)
但在謂語動(dòng)詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be…作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do…
They believe _____________________________ . (他誠實(shí))
b) 使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make等，感官動(dòng)詞hear, feel, see, watch, notice等接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，如用在被動(dòng)語態(tài)則加上to
Don’t let the children ________________ . (麻煩你)
I heard someone . (敲門)
He was made early by his father. (上床睡覺)
5. 作定語：
①能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等
He hasn’t kept his promise ____________________________. (經(jīng)常給他父親寫信)
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等
His eagerness _________________________________was quite clear.(渴望早點(diǎn)完成作業(yè))
③序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語：
She was the only person ______________after the earthquake. (幸存)
不定式在作定語時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。
He’s always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關(guān)系
I’ve no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關(guān)系
She has a meeting to attend. （動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=attend a meeting）
There’s nothing to worry about. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=worry about nothing)
6. 作狀語
①to…, in order to …, so as to …(不能放在句首)作目的狀語
All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
②在so…as to, such….as to, only to …結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。
He hurried to the station ___________________________________.(發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了)
③enough to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu)
The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.
= The boy__________________________________.
④形容詞（happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
I’m glad _________________________.(見到你)
The question is ____________________________.(難回答)
He is hard ___________________________________.(難相處)
7. 作插入語 用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋，如to be frank（坦白地說），to be sure（確實(shí)）等。
___________________________, I hate you. (說實(shí)話)
8. of sb.to do sth/ for sb. to do sth
It is necessary for me to learn English well.
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.
9. tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain + 疑問詞+ 不定式
No one can tell me __________________. (在哪兒找到Tom)
______________________________ is still unknown. (何時(shí)考試)
The problem is______________________________ . （怎樣籌集足夠的錢）
①不定式的進(jìn)行式由to be + V-ing構(gòu)成，用來表示謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
Some students pretended ________________________when the teacher came in.. (在讀英語)
②不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構(gòu)成，用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。
--- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left
③不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ed和完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
It is an honour for me _______________________ the party. (被邀請參加晚會(huì))
The book is said___________________________________. (翻譯成好幾種語言)
All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
動(dòng)名詞
1. 動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語和定語。
①作主語 可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語，而把動(dòng)名詞后置。
Seeing is believing. (眼見為實(shí))
__________ is easier than _________.(說起來容易,做起來難)
_________________is a good hobby.(集郵)(單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))
動(dòng)名詞作主語還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法：
It is no use (good) + 動(dòng)名詞：做某事沒有用
It’s no use___________________________ (覆水難收)
There is no + 動(dòng)名詞 (= It is impossible to do sth.)
②作表語 通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別
His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為SVC結(jié)構(gòu)) 可改為：Collecting stamps is his hobby.
He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)，此句為SVO結(jié)構(gòu))
不能改為：Collecting stamps is he.
③作賓語
A. 作及物動(dòng)詞 的賓語(enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), miss)
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
有些動(dòng)詞（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為用動(dòng)名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。
I like swimming but I don’t like to swim in winter.
動(dòng)詞prefer后面接不定式作賓語時(shí)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)與按動(dòng)名詞作賓語是不一樣。
I prefer to drive rather than be driven.
I prefer driving to riding.
有些動(dòng)詞，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，不定式表示的動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)詞。
When asked by police, he said that he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______.
A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave
動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語）+賓補(bǔ)+動(dòng)名詞（真正賓語）
I think it no use_________________________ .(告訴她真相)
We think it no good ____________________ (浪費(fèi)時(shí)間打游戲)
B. 作介詞的賓語
Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes.
A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up
④作定語
動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，可用定語從句改寫。
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping
⑤作同位語
That’s the queen’s full-time job, __________________.這就是蟻后的專職工作——產(chǎn)卵。
2．動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語
①人稱代詞做邏輯主語時(shí)應(yīng)用所有格，即形容詞性物主代詞。
Do you minding______________________?(我抽煙)
②邏輯主語是不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí)，很少用所有格，而用普通格。
He was awakened by someone _____________________.(敲門)
③邏輯主語是名詞時(shí)，用所有格，但是如果名詞為無生命物體時(shí)，則用普通格。
___________________________ made Tom angry. (瑪麗大笑)
There is no ___________________________________.(工廠盈利希望)
④在口語中，動(dòng)名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語。
I really can’t understand _____ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
3. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式、一般式被動(dòng)和完成式被動(dòng)。新課標(biāo)第一網(wǎng)
After___________________________________, he went home. (做完工作)
He attended the meeting without _____________________________.(未經(jīng)邀請)
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