不同體裁文章的閱讀方法
不同體裁的文章，作者的寫作手法不同，表達(dá)的方式千差萬別。體裁不同，要求使用的閱讀方法也不一樣。因此，掌握不同體裁的文章的閱讀方法有助于我們提高閱讀效率、加深對文章的理解、提高閱讀速度。下面分別談?wù)動(dòng)洈⑽�、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文的閱讀方法和技巧。
第一節(jié) 記敘文的閱讀方法
記敘文講述的是發(fā)生在當(dāng)前或過去或?qū)硎虑榈慕?jīng)過。簡而言之，記敘文就是講故事，包括人物或故事情節(jié)。常見的記敘文根據(jù)其用途可分為文學(xué)記敘文和說明記敘文：文學(xué)記敘文以虛構(gòu)為主，如趣聞逸事、傳說、寓言、傳奇故事、短篇小說、科幻小說等；說明記敘文以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，包括歷史、傳記、新聞報(bào)道、日記等。無論哪一種記敘文作者都要交代何人何時(shí)何地為什么、怎么樣、干了何事等等，這也就是我們常說的“5Ws and 1H”。這是我們在閱讀記敘文時(shí)要首先了解的，接著按照線索弄清事情的來龍去脈，就能理解整個(gè)故事。
特別值得注意的是：記敘文的敘事順序有順敘和倒敘兩種，有時(shí)候作者為了吸引讀者會(huì)采用倒敘的方法，即不按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來敘述，而是從最重要、最能引人入勝的事件開始，然后再回過頭來追敘故事的開端和經(jīng)過。閱讀時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)從事情本身的發(fā)展去理解故事情節(jié)而不要只看事件在文中出現(xiàn)的先后位置。
另外，講故事必定有其目的：或證明某一理論，或闡明某一概念，或贊美某種美德，或譴責(zé)某種罪惡等等。我們在閱讀時(shí)要通過作者的重要細(xì)節(jié)描寫聯(lián)系故事情節(jié)去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的意圖，對作者重墨潑就的細(xì)節(jié)描寫要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。
概括起來一句話：讀記敘文的關(guān)鍵是抓情節(jié)。 抓住了故事情節(jié)，就理解了文章的脈絡(luò)，其他的就迎刃而解了。
下面請閱讀一篇記敘文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情節(jié)。
（05浙江卷 A 篇）
Compassion is a desire within us to help others．With effort, we can translate compassion into action．An experience last weekend showed me this is true．I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly．These old people are our main customers, and it’s not hard to lose patience over their slowness．But last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson．This untidy man walked up to my register(收款機(jī)) with a box of biscuits．He said he was out of cash(現(xiàn)金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboards．He asked if we could let him have the food on trust．He promised to repay me the next day．
I couldn’t help staring at him．I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his way．I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world．I told him that I was sorry, but store rules didn’t allow me to do so．I felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job．
Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up．If anything, he looked more pitiable．“Charge it to me,” was all he said．
What I had been feeling was pity．Pity is soft and safe and easy．Compassion, on the other hand, is caring in action．I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either．Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself．I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.
解析：故事采用順敘的敘事方法，主要情節(jié)發(fā)展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.---- I told him the store rules didn’t allow me to do so.---- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.----I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人稱講述自己親身經(jīng)歷的這段故事，讓人覺得親切可信，同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。作者說自己通過這段故事學(xué)會(huì)了compassion（同情），事實(shí)上也是在號召讀者多伸出同情之手，共建和諧社會(huì)。
抓住了故事的情節(jié)，了解了作者的寫作意圖。再來做理解題，就容易多了。請看看下面幾道理解題：
41．The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits ______.
A．promised to obey the store rules
B．forgot to take any money with him
C．hoped to have the food first and pay later
D．could not afford anything more expensive
42．Which of the following best describes the old gentleman?
A．kind and lucky B．poor and lonely
C．friendly and helpful D．hurt and disappointed
43．The writer acted upon the store rules because ______.
A．he wanted to keep his present job
B．he felt no pity for the old gentleman
C．he considered the old man dishonest
D．he expected someone else to pay for the old man
44．What does the writer learn from his experience?
A．Wealth is more important than anything else.
B．Helping others is easier said than done.
C．Experience is better gained through practice.
D．Obeying the rules means more than compassion.
�。▍⒖即鸢福篊BAB）
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十六】（05天津卷 C篇）
The house was quiet at 5 A．m. and Tim’s mother was asleep. Only the sound of the big freezer broke the quiet. He’d dreamt of the cave last night? The purring (輕微顫動(dòng)聲) of the freezer had been the sea .
Tim pulled on a sweater and put some apples into his schoolbag. It was too early for breakfast. He’d eat after he’d been through the cave, sitting on the rocks and staring at the seA．
He wished he had a proper pack. His schoolbag would have to do. What else? Sandwiches— but his mother might wake up if he started pulling out bread for sandwiches, she’d want to know why he had to leave so early. He settled for some biscuits, and left a note stuck to the table.
Gone to Michael’s Back tonight . Tim .
The sky was high and soft and light outside, though the sun still wasn’t up. Even the highway up the hill was quiet as he made his way down the street. The wind from the sea was fresh and sweet.
The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterday’s sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.
The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched (延伸) across the sea . The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world．
Over the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still empty. The sun sailed higher in the sky.
He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver then dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious (神秘)now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble. He needn’t go in all the way …
43．What did Tim do at the beginning of the story?
A．He left the house quietly. B．He had breakfast at home.
C．He left a note on the freezer. D．He put a sweater in his schoolbag.
44．“He settled for some biscuits ” (in Paragraph 3) means that Tim .
A．had to leave the biscuits on the table .
B．liked biscuits better than sandwiches
C．had to take biscuits instead of sandwiches
D．could only find some biscuits in the kitchen
45．What made it possible for Tim to see the entry to the cave?
A．The height of the first rocks.
B．The ups and downs of the waves.
C．The change in the position of the sun.
D．The vast stretch of the sunlit beach.
46．Whish of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?
A．The sea looked like a piece of gold．
B．Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived．
C．Tim was the only person on the beach.
D．The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.
47．In the story , Tim’s mood (心情) changed from .
A．loneliness to craziness B．a(chǎn)nxiousness to excitement
C．helplessness to happiness D．eagerness to nervousness
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十七】（05上海卷 B篇）
“Come in. Kim. Have a seat, please.” said Bill Williams, the manager. This was Kim’s first experience with an assessment. After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory.
“Kim,” began Bill Williams. “I am very pleased with the quality of your work. I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work. My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions.”
“But,” Replied Kim, “I have always completed every assignment you have given me. Mr. Williams.”
“I know that, Kim. And please, call me Bill. But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you —more feedback on how things are going I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think. You just smile as though everything is fine.”
“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”
“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do. To make suggestions. I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are not communicating your thoughts to me.”
“Yes. I see I’m not accustomed to this, but I will try to do as you say …, Bill”
“Good, then, I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me.”
“Yes, of course. Thank you Mr. Will…Bill.”
69．Kim is the sort of employee who .
A．does not speak out his own ideas B．is not devoted to the job
C．laughs too much over work D．can not finish his work on time
70．The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
71．From the passage, we can learn that .
A．Kim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetings
B．the manager appreciates those who just do what he tells them to do
C．the manager is pleased with Kim’s hard work and his suggestions
D．Kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessment
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十八】（06安徽卷 B篇）
People fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor in 1944, when she starred in National Velvet-the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous horse race, At first, the producers of the movie told Taylor that she was too small to play the part of Velvet. However, they waited for her for a few months as she exercised and trained—and added three inches to her height in four months! Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress.
Elizabeth Taylor was born in London in 1932．Her parents, both Americans, had moved there for business reasons. When World war II started, the Taylor moved to Beverly Hills, California, and there Elizabeth started acting in movies. After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult (成人) roles and won twice for Best Actress: Butterfield 8(1960) and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? (1966)
Taylor’s fame(名聲)and popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, so she was able to demand very high pay for her movies. In 1963, she received $1 million for her part in Cleopatra—the highest pay received by any star up to that time.
Elizabeth Taylor is a legend (傳奇人物) of our time. Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky, she has beauty, fame and wealth. But she is also a hard worker. Taylor seldom acts in movies any more. Instead, she puts her time and efforts into her businesses, and into helping others — several years ago, she founded an organization that has raised more than $40 million for research and education.
60．The producers didn’t let Taylor play the part of Velvet at first because they thought she .
A．was small in size B．was too young
C．did not play well enough D．did not show much interest
61．What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both .
A．popular all their lives B．famous actresses
C．suecessful when very young D．rich and kind-hearted
62．Taylor became Best Actress at the age of .
A．12 B．28 C．31 D．34
63．In her later life , Elizabeth Taylor devoted herself to .
A．doing business and helping others
B．turning herself into a legend
C．collecting money for the poor
D．going about research and education work
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