過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一、概念
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
二、構(gòu)成
過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。
例如：
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
他們來(lái)賓館之前就已經(jīng)吃過(guò)飯了。
He didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.
他直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。
三、用法
1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
例如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”）
He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)。
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。
例如：
She told me that she had written a new novel.
她告訴我她已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好一本小說(shuō)了。(had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。
3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by，before，until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。
例如：
Before she came to China, Amy had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
艾米來(lái)中國(guó)之前，在一所中學(xué)已經(jīng)教了五年英語(yǔ)。
Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven.
湯姆在七歲時(shí)已經(jīng)集了300多張中國(guó)郵票。
4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。
例如：
By the end of last year, my father had worked in the factory for twenty years.
去年年底時(shí)，爸爸已經(jīng)在工廠工作二十年了。（ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）
By six o’clock he had worked eleven hours. 到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他就已經(jīng)工作了11小時(shí)。
5.動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。
例如：
I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
我本來(lái)打算去幫忙，但沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。
They had hoped to be able to come and see you.
他們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
6.過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.
這是她那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法總結(jié)如下表：
過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)
構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞 had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
基
本
用
法1）表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”�？梢杂胋y,
before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示，還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示
2）表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句（或間接引語(yǔ)）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前
4）在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示
和其它時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別過(guò)去完成時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，或是由過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作
過(guò)去完成時(shí)則主要體現(xiàn)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作先后有別，表達(dá)的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”
過(guò)去完成時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)某動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)間或另一動(dòng)作之前已完成
一般過(guò)去時(shí)僅表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生過(guò)，不強(qiáng)調(diào)與另一動(dòng)作的比較
注
意
事
項(xiàng)1）動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。
2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
3）It/This was +序數(shù)詞 time或最高級(jí) that 后面的從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
4）用于表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句中
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，或是由過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。
例如：
I have cleaned the classroom.
我打掃干凈教室了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)掃地所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果：地干凈了�。�
They have lived here for twenty years.
他們住在這二十年了。（“住”從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
We have lived in Beijing since we came China.
自我們來(lái)中國(guó)就住在北京了。（“住”是從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
過(guò)去完成時(shí)則主要體現(xiàn)過(guò)去發(fā)生的兩動(dòng)作的先后有別，表達(dá)的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，即比過(guò)去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作都還要“過(guò)去”，兩動(dòng)作中先發(fā)生的就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。運(yùn)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句子往往有兩過(guò)去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作。
例如：
Mr Smith had lived in London for ten years before he came to China.
史密斯先生在來(lái)中國(guó)之前就已經(jīng)在倫敦住過(guò)十年了。(“來(lái)”中國(guó)已成過(guò)去，而先前“住”在紐約就是過(guò)去的過(guò)去�。�
We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term.
在上期期末，我們就已經(jīng)學(xué)了2000個(gè)單詞。
（“上期期末”已過(guò)去，而在其前“學(xué)”的就更過(guò)去了�。�
過(guò)去完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
一、單項(xiàng)填空
1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already ____to hospital.
A. has; been sent B. had; sent C. has; sent D. had; been sent
2. The students _______ several new English songs by the end of last term.
A. had learned B. learned C. have learned D. will have learned
3. Lu Mei told me she _____breakfast, so she was very hungry after having two classes.
A. has had B. hasn't have C. have had D. hadn't had
4. Hardly ______ to the bus stop when the bus left, which drove them crazy.
A did they get B they got C had they got D has they got
5. She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come
6. Mr. Black said that it was at least ten years since he _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
7. I ______ to catch the first train but I got up too late this morning.
A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope
8. Dr. Brown was very disappointed that one third of the guests _____ when he _____ at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
9. Tom first met me 10 years ago. I______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked B. have worked C. was working D. has been working
10. ---- What ______ when I phoned you?
---- I ______ my work, and wanted to go out for a walk.
A. have you done; finished B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished D. were you doing; had just finished
11. It is very clear that you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing
12. ---- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.
---- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend D. expected; intend
13. ---Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
---Really? Where ______?
A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone
14. Mr. Green and I are familiar with each other; we ______ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. are being introduced
C. were introduced D. had been introduced
15. --- Did he notice you enter the room?
--- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
16. Tom and Jack met again in the street that day. Until then, they _____ each other for nearly two years.
A. didn’t see B. hadn’t seen C. haven’t seen D. haven’t been seen
17. ---Jane, do you still remember the first time we met?
---Of course I do. You ______ in the library.
A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read
18. A lot of my friends want to buy that kind of cloth because they _____ the cloth ______ well.
A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes
C. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed
19. The young professor talked for about nearly two hours yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.
A.I heard B. did I hear C.I had heard D. had I heard
20. Ms Wang ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got
21. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
22. --- Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?
--- Of course. What is it?
--- I ______ if you could take me to the station.
A. would wonder B. did wonder C. was wondering D. had wondered
23. ---Hi, Liu Tao. I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.
---Oh, I ______ regular exercise at the club.
A. did B. was doing C. had done D have been doing
24. All the policemen’s attention was suddenly caught by a small dusty box which____ placed in the corner of the room.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
25. By the time I got home yesterday, my husband _______ cooking the dinner.
A. had finished B. finished C. has finished D. finishes
26. My friend asked me whether it was the first time that I ______ skiing.
A. went B. has gone C. had gone D. would go
27. To everyone’s surprise, Mr Smith’s son spent much more money than he ______ on the journey.
A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned
28. If he ________ to the meeting yesterday, I would have met him.
A. had come B. came C. would come D. was coming
29. I was late for the interview yesterday. I ________ the road to be so crowded.
A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected C. wasn’t expecting D. hadn’t expected
30. ---How long had the hotel _______ fire when the firemen got there?
---For an hour or so.
A. caught B. been caught C. been on D. been catching
二、用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空
1 By the time we got to the airport, the plane _______ (take) off.
2 The children ________ (have) the book for two weeks before they returned it to the library.
3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.
4 When I woke up this morning, I found that it ________ (stop) snowing.
5 The boy _____ (not watch) the movie because he had watched it twice.
6 Kate told me that it was the second time that she _______ (go) skating.
7 When Jim _____ (come) to China two years ago, he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.
8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____ (not see) each other since we left Beijing.
9 If you _______ (work) harder, you would have passed the examination.
10 No sooner had we got there than it ______ (begin) to rain.
三、句子改錯(cuò)
1. When she got home last night, her three children went to bed.
2. I didn't go to see the firm because I saw it before.
3. The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.
4. By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.
5. Jim got seriously ill. He didn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.
四、中譯英
1 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始十分鐘了。
2他們本來(lái)計(jì)劃在上個(gè)周末前到達(dá)中國(guó)的。
3火車開(kāi)出之前，所有的參觀者就已經(jīng)到了車站。
4 我告訴了我美國(guó)的朋友在過(guò)去的三十年里中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
5 我原以為這是他第一次遲到。
五、真題回顧
1. The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time.
A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell
2. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ___ there several years ago.
A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been
3. ----Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.
----Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
4. ----Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?
----I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
A. had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
5. ----Did you tidy your room?
---- No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.
A. had B. have C. have had D. will have
6. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances _____ in the past years.
A. discovered B. have discovered
C. had been discovered D. have been discovered
7. They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.
A. had got B. got C. have got D. get
8. ---Did Peter fix the computer himself?
---He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers.
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
9. I got caught in the rain and my suit ____.
A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined
10. ---It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
---Oh, don’t mention it. I _____ past your house anyway.
A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come
11. ---I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.
---Impossible. She ____TV with me in my home then.
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching
12. As the years passed, many occasions―birthdays, awards, graduations―________ with Dad’s flowers.
A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked
13. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______
A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached D. had reached
14. ---you ＿＿h(yuǎn)im around the museum yet?
---Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have; shown B. Do; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show
15. I ____ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.
A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be
參 考 答 案
一、單項(xiàng)填空
1----5 DADCC 6----10 ABDCD 11----15 AABCB 16----20 BABDD
21----25 DCBCA 26----30 CDADC
二、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. had taken 2. had had 3. had studied 4. had stopped
5. didn’t watch 6. had gone 7. came; had learned 8. hadn’t seen
9. had worked 10. began
三、句子改錯(cuò)
1. went 改成 had gone 2. saw 改成 had seen
3. has stopped 改成 had stopped 4. learned 改成 had learned
5. didn’t 改成 hadn’t
四、中譯英
1. When we got to the cinema, the movie had already been on for ten minutes.
2. They had planned to reach China before the end of last week.
3. All the visitors had got to the station before the train set off.
4. I told my American friends that great changes had taken place in China over the past 30 years.
5. I thought this was the first time that he had been late.
五、真題回顧
1----5 CDBCA 6----10 DBACA 11----15 DBBAC
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