1．________________ vt.消費；消耗；耗盡；吃完→________________ n．消費者
2．________________ adj.胡亂的；任意的
3．________________ n．現象→________________ n．(復數)
4．________________ vi.同意；捐贈；訂閱 vt.(簽署)文件；捐助
5．________________ n．量；數量
6．________________ vi.趨向；易于；照顧 vt.照顧；護理→________________ n.
7．________________ n．趨勢；傾向；走向
8．________________ vt.反對；反抗；與(某人)較量→________________ adj.反對的；對立的
9．________________ n．結果；后果；影響→______________ adj.作為結果的；隨之發(fā)生的→________________ adv.從而；因此
10．________________ vt.陳述；說明→________________ n．聲明；陳述
11．________________ n．種類；范圍
12．________________ vi.看一下；掃視 n．一瞥
13．________________ adj.平穩(wěn)的；持續(xù)的；穩(wěn)固的→__________________ adv.平穩(wěn)地；持續(xù)地
答案：1. consume；consumer 2. random 3. phenomenon；phenomena 4. subscribe 5. quantity 6. tend；tendency 7. trend 8. oppose；opposed 9. consequence; consequent；consequently 10. state；statement 11. range 12. glance 13. steady；steadily
Ⅱ.重點短語
1．____________________ 發(fā)生；造成
2．____________________ 同意；贊成；訂購
3．____________________ 大量的
4．____________________ 上升；增長；升起
5．____________________ 導致
6．____________________ 反對……
7．____________________ 即使
8．____________________ 繼續(xù)
答案：1. come about 2. subscribe to 3. quantities of
4. go up 5.result in 6.be opposed to 7. even if
8. keep on
Ⅲ.必背句型
1．________________________________________________________________________
(毫無疑問地球正變暖)and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
答案： There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer
2. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere ________________________________________________________________________
(引起全球溫度上升)．
答案： causing the global temperature to go up
3. Greenhouse gases continue to ______________________________(在大氣層中聚集)．
答案： build up in the atmosphere
Ⅰ.品句填詞
1．In order to survive human beings need to ________(消耗) food and water.
答案：consume
2．The ________(曲線圖) shows how house prices have risen since the 1980s.
答案：graph
3．Wood，coal，oil，petrol and gas are all different kinds of ________(燃料)．
答案：fuel(s)
4．Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major ________(大災難)．
答案：catastrophe
5．The heavy rain has caused ________(洪水) in many parts of the country.
答案：floods
6．A(n) ________(一瞥) at my watch showed that it was nearly five and I was bored to death.
答案：glance
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．She is a woman who can be ____________(信賴)．(depend)
答案：depended on/upon
2．Our supplies finally ____________(耗盡)．(run)
答案：ran out
3．A teacher’s work is often ____________(比作)a candle.(compare)
答案：compared to
4．________________(毫無疑問) that he is guilty.(doubt)
答案：There is no doubt
5．They ____________(反對) the plan of building the motorway.(oppose)
答案：are opposed to
Ⅲ.多項選擇
1．He never ________ to help those in trouble because he was a kind?hearted man.
A．handled B．hurried
C．hesitated D．rotated
解析：選C。考查動詞辨析。句意為“幫助那些有困難的人，他從來都不猶豫，因為他是一個善良的人”。handle處理；hurry匆忙；rotate旋轉，都與語境不符。
2．San Francisco police say they have made some progress during the year in ________ on gun violence.
A．knocking down B．cutting down
C．slowing down D．tearing down
解析：選B。cut down削減；減少。句意為：San Francisco警察說，在這一年中，他們在減少槍支犯罪方面取得了進展。knock down撞倒；slow down減速；tear down推倒，拆毀。
3．You can accuse the man of the offence on the condition that you have enough ________.
A．fact B．evidence
C．truth D．reason
解析：選B。evidence證據；fact事實；truth真相；reason原因。
4．Most air pollution is caused by the burning of ________，like coal，gas and oil.
A．fuels B．articles
C．goods D．products
解析：選A。考查名詞詞義辨析。fuels燃料；articles文章。內容；goods貨物； products產品。根據like coal，gas and oil可知，應選A。
5．Children under six are not ________ to school except those of extraordinary intelligence.
A．permitted B．admitted
C．accepted D．received
解析：選B。sb.be(not)admitted to＋地方“某人被允許進入某地就讀……”。
6．We can see monuments here and there.Those who have made great ________ to human beings and society will never be forgotten.
A．advance B．progress
C．contribution D．achievement
解析：選C。make contribution to為固定短語，意為“對……做出貢獻”。
7．The lucky fans will be picked out ________ rather than chosen beforehand to perform with the singer during the party.
A．by accident B．on earth
C．at random D．on average
解析：選C。by accident偶然地：on earth究竟，到底；at random隨意地，隨機地；on average平均。由句意可知C項正確。
8．I want to ________ voice to what we all feel in wishing the teacher a quick recovery.
A．make B．send
C．give D．take
解析：選C。give(a)voice to是固定短語，意為“表達，說出”。
9．After seven years’ work，Chinese scientists ________ the task of launching our country’s first spaceship into space.
A．achieved B．operated
C．succeeded D．gained
解析：選A。achieve the task完成任務。
10．He ________ the envelope and recognized his father’s handwriting.
A．stared at B．glared at
C．looked at D．glanced
解析：選D。stare at盯著看；glare at怒視；look at看……；glance at瞥一眼。句意：他瞥了信封一眼，認出是父親的筆記。
Ⅳ.理解
A
Everyone agrees that it’s necessary to reduce carbon emissions(排放物) around the world. There is less agreement over exactly how nations should go about achieving a more carbon free planet. Thus，the environmental equivalent: cap-and-trade carbon emissions，or place a carbon tax on all users?
With cap-and-trade programs，governments limit the level of carbon produced by an industry. Companies that hold their emissions below the cap can sell their remaining allowance on a carbon market，while companies that go beyond their limit must purchase credits on that market. Carbon taxes are more straight forward: a set tax rate is placed on the consumption of carbon with the idea that raising the price will encourage industries and individuals to consume less. At the moment，cap-and-trade has the upper hand，but doesn’t defeat the tax just yet.
Supporters of the tax argue that a cap-and-trade system would be too difficult to administer－and too easily gamed by industries looking to sidestep emissions caps. Cap-and-trade advocates contradict that like all other flat taxes，a carbon collection would relatively burden lower income families，who spend a greater percentage of their income on energy than rich households.
So which system will have a larger effect on carbon consumption? A 10% carbon tax might reduce the demand for carbon about 5% or less，according to an analysis by the Carbon Tax Center，an environmental advocacy group. That may not be enough. Businesses and governments haven’t figured out how the two competing systems can work together，but in the end，the world may need both.
1．The passage focuses on ________.
A．programs of collecting taxes
B．systems of reducing carbon emissions
C．reasons for reducing carbon emissions
D．contradictions between the two systems
解析：選B。主旨大意題。根據第一段 Everyone agrees that it’s necessary to reduce carbon emissions around the world.然后下面緊接著介紹了 cap-and-trade 的體制，可知文章的主題是談論限制對一氧化碳氣體的排放的制度。
2．According to the cap-and-trade program，companies ________.
A．are forbidden to produce carbon emissions
B．are allocated the same amount of carbon consumption
C．can sell their remaining allowance within their limits
D．can sell the extra amount of carbon at a higher price
解析：選C。細節(jié)題。根據第二段 Companies that hold their emissions below the cap can sell their allowance on a carbon market 可知，把廢氣排放量控制在規(guī)定線以下的工廠可以把剩余的碳氣賣出去。
3．The underlined word “cap” in the second paragraph most likely refers to ________.
A．limit B．credit
C．level D．rate
解析：選A。詞義理解題。根據上句．..government limit the level of carbon produced by industry. Companies that hold their emissions below the cap...可知此處的cap 就是指上文所提到的政府對廢氣排放的限制量。
4．We can learn from the passage ________.
A．carbon taxes are difficult to carry out
B．cap-and-trade plays a greater role at present
C．cap-and-trade will be preferable in the future
D．carbon taxes will be preferable in the future
解析：選B。推理。根據最后一段So which system will have a larger effect on carbon consumption? A 10% carbon tax might reduce the demand for carbon about 5% or less...可推測出雖然 cap-and-trade 也不完全是易操作的一個體制，但目前還是占有較重要地位。
B
(2014年三月濟南市聯(lián)考)How much can environment affect intelligence? In one study，striking increases in IQ occurred in 25 children who were moved from an orphanage(孤兒院) to more stimulating environments. The children，who were all considered mentally retarded and inadaptable，were moved to an institution (慈善機構) where they received personal attention from adults. Later，these supposedly retarded children were adopted by parents who gave them love，a family，and a stimulating home environment. The children gained an average of 29 IQ points. For one child，the increase was an amazing 58 points .A second group of initially less “retarded” children，who stayed in the orphanage，lost an average of 26 IQ points.
Other encouraging results can be found in early childhood education programs，which provide stimulating intellectual experiences for disadvantaged children. In one study，children from low－income families were given enriched environments from early infancy(嬰兒期)through preschool. By age 2 their IQ scores were already higher than those in a control group. More important，they were still 5 points higher seven years later. High-quality enrichment programs such as Head Start can prevent children from falling behind in school.
A particularly striking environmental effect is the fact that 14 nations have shown average IQ gains of from 5 to 25 points during the last 30 years. These IQ boosts(增加)，averaging 15 points，occurred in far too short a time for genetics(遺傳學) to explain them. It is more likely that the gains reflect environmental forces，such as improved education，nutrition，and living in a technologically complex society.
【解題導語】 本文是一篇調查報告，研究表明環(huán)境影響孩子的智力。
5．What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．Retarded children cannot improve their IQ’s.
B．Orphanages are full of mentally retarded children.
C．Environmental factors influence a child’s IQ.
D．Early childhood education programs are important.
解析：選C。主旨大意題。文章一開始作者提出“環(huán)境對智力有多大影響？”作者寫了孤兒院兒童因環(huán)境改變而智力提高的研究結果。第二段作者談到了早期教育對孩子智力提高有影響。第三段講述了30年來14個國家兒童受環(huán)境影響平均智力提高，從遺傳學角度很難解釋。所以文章講述了環(huán)境影響智力。
6．What does the underlined word “retarded” in the first paragraph most probably mean?
A．Undeveloped. B．Rejected.
C．Ignored. D．Deserted.
解析：選A。詞義推斷題。孤兒院的兒童缺乏良好的家庭環(huán)境，所以智力發(fā)育遲緩。
7．The author is in favor of ________ according to the passage.
A．putting retarded children into institutions
B．providing early childhood education programs
C．keeping children in orphanages
D．keeping retarded children with others like themselves
解析：選B。作者態(tài)度推斷題。作者既然認為環(huán)境影響智力，那么就應該是贊成對兒童實施早期教育。
8．What can we conclude from the passage?
A．Attention from parents has little effect on a child’s IQ.
B．Head Start programs are a waste of money.
C．Increases in IQ have happened in the US more rapidly than elsewhere.
D．Genetics are less important than environment in gaining one’s IQ.
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