3、序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。
1、 英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞基本變法：
(1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。
2、序數(shù)詞如下：
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one undredth
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirty-fifth
one hundred and first
1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th →one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、注：(1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個(gè)位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如：thirty-sixth,
(2) 使用序數(shù)詞時(shí)一般加定冠詞the. 如：I’m in the third grade.
(3) 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
4、數(shù)詞的用法：
1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期： 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示時(shí)刻： 5：15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示編號(hào)：Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小數(shù)的讀法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表達(dá)： 1/2→half, 半小時(shí)→half an hour, 1.5小時(shí)→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時(shí),表示順序,加a/an時(shí)表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)
五、冠詞
1、冠詞分類及讀法：
英語(yǔ)中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來(lái)限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠詞the讀法：?jiǎn)为?dú)念時(shí)讀[Ti:],在句子中常發(fā)[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](輔音之前)；
不定冠詞a/an的讀法：?jiǎn)为?dú)念時(shí)讀 [ei ]/[An ]；在句子中常發(fā) [[]/[[n]。
2、不定冠詞a / an的用法：
不定冠詞a / an用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前面; an用在元音開(kāi)頭的詞的前面。
不定冠詞的基本用法：
(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為：一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)
(2) 表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英語(yǔ)教師。)
(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個(gè)餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)
(5) 幾個(gè)用不定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：a bit(一點(diǎn)), a little(一點(diǎn)), a few(幾個(gè)), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時(shí)), have a good time(玩得開(kāi)心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會(huì)兒,等等。
3、定冠詞the的用法：定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。
定冠詞的基本用法：
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)
(2) 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。)
(3) 復(fù)述前面提到過(guò)的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(樹(shù)下有個(gè)人, 那個(gè)人叫羅伯特。)
(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。)
(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長(zhǎng)江以南地 區(qū)將會(huì)刮大風(fēng)。)
(6) 在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰(shuí)第一個(gè)去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽(yáng)離地球最近)
(7) 常用在樂(lè)器名稱的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時(shí)他開(kāi)始拉小提琴)
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山)
(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他來(lái)自美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó))
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下個(gè)月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長(zhǎng)得一樣)
(12)幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說(shuō)一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠詞的情況：
(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)) / Man needs air and water.(人類需要空氣和水)
(2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)
(3) 周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹(shù))
(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)
(5) 三餐飯前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們?cè)诩页栽顼?在校吃午飯)
(6) 節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)
(7) 球類名詞前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他們此刻在人民電影院)
(9) 一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中不用。如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
六、形容詞、副詞：
1、形容詞：用來(lái)說(shuō)明或修飾名詞、代詞的詞稱為形容詞。
1、形容詞的句法作用：作句子中名詞的定語(yǔ)、句子的表語(yǔ)以及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
2、形容詞在句子中的位置：
⑴作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一個(gè)黃色的大木輪)
⑵作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(這個(gè)價(jià)格聽(tīng)起來(lái)算是合理)
⑶作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)放在賓語(yǔ)之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環(huán)境清潔)
⑷后置的情況：
①修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)放在代詞之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故)
②與表示“長(zhǎng)、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)形容詞后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬(wàn)公里)
3、有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析：
⑴ whole與all：記住兩個(gè)詞序：① the whole + 名詞； ②all (of) the + 名詞。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整個(gè)早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學(xué)過(guò)的所有單詞)
⑵ tall與high, short與low：指人的個(gè)子時(shí)用tall與short；指其他事物時(shí)一般用high與low。如：He’s very tall/short.(他個(gè)子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹(shù)木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
⑶ real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”；而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實(shí)的”。如：This is a real diamond(鉆石) and it’s very expensive.(這是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的鉆石,非常貴) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真實(shí)嗎？ 是的,我親耳所聽(tīng))
⑷ interested與interesting的區(qū)別：interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),而interested則表示人對(duì)別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語(yǔ)。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個(gè)人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會(huì)真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對(duì)自然科學(xué)感興趣)
⑸ such用法： such + a(n) + 名詞(單數(shù))(+that從句)。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記)
⑹ good與well：表示“好”時(shí),作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)用good,作狀語(yǔ)用well；表示“(身體)好”時(shí)用well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎？我很好。)
⑺ nice與fine：的區(qū)別：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等；fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我們?nèi)シ窒砟菈K美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個(gè)漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天氣！) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近來(lái)他身體不錯(cuò))
⑻ too much與much too：too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數(shù)量；much too表示“太過(guò),過(guò)分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因?yàn)槲页粤颂嗟拿罪? / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)
⑼ quick、fast與soon：quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,fast往往指運(yùn)動(dòng)速度快,而soon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過(guò)早飯,他朝學(xué)校趕去,卻把書包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國(guó))
⑽lonely與alone：lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,意思是：“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；alone的意思是：“獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無(wú)人陪伴,僅作表語(yǔ),(作為副詞的alone可作狀語(yǔ))。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨(dú)住,但是并不感到孤獨(dú))/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的人,你要和他相處好實(shí)在不易)
⑾ other與else的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都可以作形容詞,但是用法不同,other放在名詞前；else修飾不定代詞、疑問(wèn)詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如：The other students are on the playground.(其他學(xué)生在操場(chǎng)上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(還有誰(shuí)能解出著道數(shù)學(xué)題？) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(這不是別的什么人的錢,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說(shuō)的嗎？
⑿ special與especial的區(qū)別：表示事件不同尋常、過(guò)分或特殊時(shí),兩個(gè)詞可互換,但special較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)
⒀ gone、lost、missing的區(qū)別：gone表示“丟了,沒(méi)了”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ),不可以作定語(yǔ)；lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)；missing表示“失蹤了,不見(jiàn)了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)。如：My fever(高燒) is gone, but I still have a cough.(發(fā)燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家長(zhǎng)終于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不見(jiàn)了,誰(shuí)拿走了？) / For more detailed information(詳情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(網(wǎng)址).(如果想知道失蹤女孩們的詳情,請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)我們的網(wǎng)站)
⒁ living、alive、live、lively的區(qū)別：四個(gè)詞都來(lái)源于動(dòng)詞live“生活、居住”。
living讀[‘liviN]有三個(gè)意思：①“活著的、現(xiàn)存的”,作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),②“一模一樣的、逼真的”,③相當(dāng)于lively,意思是“強(qiáng)烈的、活潑的”；
live讀[laiv],指東西“活的”,可以替換為living；
alive讀[[‘laiv]作表語(yǔ),指人“活著的”,如果作定語(yǔ),則放在名詞的后面；
lively讀[‘laivli]有三個(gè)意思：①有生氣的、活潑的、快活的,②(色彩)鮮艷的,③生動(dòng)的、真實(shí)的。
例如：A living language should be learned orally(口頭上).(活的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)該從口頭上學(xué))(被動(dòng)句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強(qiáng)烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎？) / They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開(kāi)心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(這是條活魚) / A live wire(電線) is dangerous.(有電的電線是危險(xiǎn)的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小貓).(她像小貓一樣可愛(ài)) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動(dòng)地描述了那場(chǎng)足球賽)
⒂ sick與ill區(qū)別：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),而ill只能做表語(yǔ)。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現(xiàn)在非常虛弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫(yī)幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛(ài))
⒃ the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)等用法：“the+形容詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示一類人物,復(fù)數(shù)含義。如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我們應(yīng)該盡力幫助窮人們) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有錢人哪知窮人怎么過(guò)日子)
2、副詞：用來(lái)說(shuō)明事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等含義或說(shuō)明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。
1、副詞的分類：(見(jiàn)下表)
時(shí) 間 副 詞
頻度副詞
地點(diǎn)/方位副詞
程度副詞
方式副詞
疑問(wèn)/連接副詞
其他副詞
today, tomorrow,
once,
here, there,
very, too,
well,
how,
too, also,
yesterday, now,
twice,
home, below,
enough,
hard,
where,
nor, so,
then, early, late,
always,
anywhere,
rather, quite,
alone,
when,
as, on,off,
once, soon, just,
usually,
above, outside,
how, so,
fast,
why,
either,
tonight, long,
often,
in, inside, out,
much, just,
together,
whether
yes, no,
already, yet, before,
sometimes,
back, up, down,
nearly, only
suddenly,
however, etc.
not, neither
ago, later, ever since
never,
away, off, far,
almost, hardly,
-ly結(jié)尾
關(guān)系副詞
maybe,
after, whenever
(seldom),
near, nearby,
as long as等,
的副詞
where,
perhaps,
first, someday,
ever,
wherever
even, all,
why, how
certainly,
sometime, last,
everywhere,
a little, a bit
when,
2、在句子中的位置以及作用：
⑴：
① 時(shí)間副詞：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動(dòng)詞的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀長(zhǎng)城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)英王國(guó)兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
② 頻度副詞：一般放在be動(dòng)詞之后或者助動(dòng)詞與主要?jiǎng)釉~之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有時(shí)起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)
③ 方式副詞：一般放在行為動(dòng)之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動(dòng)詞之前。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見(jiàn)了一絲亮光)
④ 地點(diǎn)副詞：一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬(wàn)的自行車朝各個(gè)方向流動(dòng)) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開(kāi)了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
⑤ 程度副詞：修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),放在動(dòng)詞之前；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動(dòng)詞的后面；only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我?guī)缀醢涯鞘氯? / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)
⑥ 疑問(wèn)副詞：用于對(duì)句子的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),位置總是在句首。如：When and where were you born?(你何時(shí)何地出生？)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛(ài)迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上？)/ How do you do?(你好！)
⑦ 連接副詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個(gè)問(wèn)題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)
⑧ 關(guān)系副詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請(qǐng)告訴我你的英語(yǔ)是怎樣學(xué)得這么好的方法)
⑨ 其它副詞：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在動(dòng)詞前；either “也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前；on/off“開(kāi)/關(guān)”放在動(dòng)詞之后；not放在be之后、助動(dòng)詞之后、不定式或動(dòng)名詞之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或動(dòng)詞之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. ?Nor do I.(湯姆沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī),我也沒(méi)有。)
(2)作表語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作表語(yǔ),放在be等連系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明人物所處的位置。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)
(3)作定語(yǔ)：時(shí)間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點(diǎn)副詞都可以作名詞的定語(yǔ),放在名詞的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現(xiàn)在的人們經(jīng)常在餐館里吃節(jié)日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀(jì)20年代那兒的女人過(guò)著可怕的日子)
(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開(kāi)！它們?cè)谏l(fā)著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關(guān)在家里做作業(yè))
[注意] “動(dòng)詞+副詞”的賓語(yǔ)如果是代詞,則該副詞應(yīng)該放在代詞之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個(gè)詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫了下來(lái)。)
3、有關(guān)副詞的重要注釋：
⑴ as…as…常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)
[注釋] “as long / much as + 名詞”可以表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)/多達(dá)…”的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬(wàn)元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周。)
⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段時(shí)間+later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。②“after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻”分別表示“在某時(shí)刻之后/之前”,此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過(guò)去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過(guò)那兒?jiǎn)幔?/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過(guò)了幾年他戒了煙。)
⑶ above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過(guò)。)
當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。
⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；nor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首；如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國(guó)人嗎？)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒(méi)有看足球賽,我也沒(méi)有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)市場(chǎng)很好。)
⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后；too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相當(dāng)”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非�！�)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)
[注意] very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)；much還可以修飾疑問(wèn)句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜歡他)
⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來(lái)某時(shí))用于將來(lái)時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你的父親。)
⑺ how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對(duì)句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對(duì)人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語(yǔ))進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好！) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問(wèn)題)真難呀！)
⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了？) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒(méi)有吃早飯呢。)
⑼ hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語(yǔ)學(xué)得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場(chǎng)所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)
⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個(gè)短語(yǔ)分別表示“非常喜歡”、“更喜歡”、“最喜歡”。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.
⑾“quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞”的用法：記�。孩賟uite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)
⑿ how 的幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時(shí)態(tài),對(duì)表示頻度的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)； how soon“多久以后”,用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)； how long“多久”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)、完成時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài)； how many times“多少次”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)或完成時(shí),對(duì)總計(jì)次數(shù)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)； how much“多么,多少”,對(duì)程度進(jìn)行提問(wèn),也可以對(duì)數(shù)量(不可數(shù))或金錢進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。如：How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經(jīng)多久了？)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉？)
⒀ much、more與most的用法：這三個(gè)詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語(yǔ)之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級(jí)形/副,more表示“更”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的比較級(jí),most表示“最”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的最高級(jí)。此外,much也可以修飾比較級(jí)形/副。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過(guò)的最有教育意義的電影)
⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法：表示時(shí)間,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前；表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如：He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽煙)
⒂ 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間。如： The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很廣泛)
⒃ too...to...與so...that...的問(wèn)題：副詞too/so后面跟形容詞或副詞,to后面跟動(dòng)詞,that后面跟從句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的結(jié)構(gòu),用于簡(jiǎn)單句；so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),用于復(fù)合句。如：The child is too young to join the army.(這孩子年齡太小還不能參軍)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他這么強(qiáng)壯,搬得動(dòng)那個(gè)重箱子。)
⒄ 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如：It was a long holiday.(那是個(gè)長(zhǎng)假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那兒呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就會(huì)找到辦法)/ He is a very hard(難對(duì)付的) person.(他是個(gè)難玩的家伙)
⒅ farther與further的用法區(qū)別：表示地點(diǎn)、方向或距離時(shí)兩個(gè)詞同義,意思為“更遠(yuǎn)、較遠(yuǎn)”,但是further還表示“更多、進(jìn)一步、額外”等意思,此時(shí)不能換為farther. 如：They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他們決定第二天走得再遠(yuǎn)些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(這個(gè)問(wèn)題還要進(jìn)一步討論)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他們每個(gè)人大學(xué)畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)進(jìn)修)
⒆ rather與quite的用法區(qū)別：同very一樣,兩個(gè)詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預(yù)料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見(jiàn)下圖對(duì)“nice”程度的描繪：
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
如：It’s quite a nice film.(這是部好片子)。(可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) / It’s rather a nice film.(這是部很不錯(cuò)的電影。)(意味著比大多數(shù)電影都好)
[注意]注意quite與rather后面的次序詞序。
⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的區(qū)別：maybe“可能、也許”,比另外兩個(gè)詞更不正式、更隨便、可能性不大；possibly“可能地、或者、也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中表示“無(wú)論如何”；perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：You could put it over there,maybe.(也許你可以把它放在那邊) / I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這么長(zhǎng)的一本書)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以為那也許就是你期盼的信件)
(21) most、mostly的區(qū)別：most作為形容詞和名詞時(shí)意思是“大多數(shù)的、大部分的”,作為副詞時(shí)意思為“最,十分、很”；mostly僅為副詞,意思為“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空時(shí)大部分時(shí)間都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘氣)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(這是電影中最令人興奮的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的區(qū)別：worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義,還可以用副詞well修飾；worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。如：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ￥300,000.(房子價(jià)值30萬(wàn)元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(這本書值得好好讀幾遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(這是一個(gè)值得看的東西)
(23)almost、nearly的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞意思相近,都表示“幾乎、將近”,大多數(shù)情況下可以互換,與否定詞連用時(shí)用almost不用nearly. almost no 相當(dāng)于hardly any(幾乎沒(méi)有)。如：He had done almost nothing today.(他今天幾乎沒(méi)有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我們幾乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(幾乎沒(méi)有人懂他的話)
(24) a bit與a little的區(qū)別：這兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常當(dāng)作副詞使用,修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)或比較級(jí),可以互換,語(yǔ)氣比rather弱。如：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(這臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)有點(diǎn)貴)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了點(diǎn))
另外,a little可以直接加不可數(shù)名詞,a bit 則采用“a bit + of +名詞(不可數(shù)或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))”的形式。如：I have got a bit of a cold.(我有點(diǎn)感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(請(qǐng)你去給我搞點(diǎn)水來(lái))
[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意為“根本不”,而 not a little則意為“非常,不是一點(diǎn)”。
3、形容詞、 副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
1、分類：形容詞和副詞有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)三級(jí)。
原級(jí)變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
2、規(guī)則變化:
(1)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞,在原級(jí)的后面加上er,est構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
a)直接加er,est ：
b)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,要雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母,后加er,est：
c)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est：
(2)兩個(gè)音節(jié)或兩個(gè)以上的音節(jié)的,在原級(jí)前加more / most.
3、不規(guī)則變化:
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
good好的
better更好的
best最好的
well好；(身體)好的,
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地
worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的
worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的
ill(身體)不舒服的
many許多的(可數(shù))
more更多的；更
most最多的；最
much許多的(不可數(shù))；非常
little少的
less更少的
least最少的
far遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)地
farther更遠(yuǎn)的；更遠(yuǎn)地
farthest最遠(yuǎn)的；最遠(yuǎn)地
further進(jìn)一步的(地)
furthest最深刻的(地)
4、形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法：
(1)講述某人/物自身的情況時(shí),用原級(jí)�；揪湫褪牵�
主語(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) +….
如：He is very old now.(他現(xiàn)在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它們跑得相當(dāng)快) / The weather looks rather bad.(天氣看上去相當(dāng)糟) / I am so happy!(我是如此的快樂(lè))
☆表示兩者之間沒(méi)有差別時(shí),使用句型：
主語(yǔ)(第一個(gè)人物) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + as + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) + as + 第二個(gè)人物 +….
如：He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一樣興奮)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉騎車像老太太一樣慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他們摘的蘋果和農(nóng)民一樣多)
☆表示第一個(gè)人比不上第二個(gè)人時(shí),使用句型：
主語(yǔ)(第一個(gè)人物) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(否定式) + as / so + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) + as + 第二個(gè)人物+….
如：He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他沒(méi)他妹妹那么興奮) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉騎車不像老太太那樣慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他們摘的蘋果不如農(nóng)民多)
(2) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物超過(guò)第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)�；揪湫停�
主語(yǔ)(‘A’)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(much/a little/even/still)+形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+第二個(gè)人物(‘B’)+….
如：A modern train is much faster than a car.(現(xiàn)代的火車比轎車快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(這本書花費(fèi)我的錢不比那本多)
講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物不及第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)。句型是：
主語(yǔ)(‘A’) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + less+ (多音節(jié)形/副)比較級(jí) + than + 第二個(gè)人物(‘B’) +….
如：I think English is less difficult than maths.(我認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)不比數(shù)學(xué)難)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你認(rèn)為學(xué)外語(yǔ)不那么重要嗎？)
(3)講述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一個(gè)時(shí),用最高級(jí)。句型是：
主語(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 +(the) +形容詞/副詞最高級(jí) +in / of ….
如：The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三個(gè)男生中他跳得最高)
4、關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的重要注釋：
1、以上六個(gè)句型中,如果動(dòng)詞是及物或不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面用副詞；如果后面是連系動(dòng)詞,則后面用形容詞。如：This car is the fastest of the four.(形容詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中跑得最快的)
2、“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越……”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來(lái)越溫暖了)
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